However, owing to their two-dimensional display, these three-dimensional images cannot provide real depth perception. With rapid advancements in the recent decades, three-dimensional cardiovascular imaging has become a part of daily clinical practice, including three-dimensional echocardiography and cardiac computed tomography. However, such experience-based and imagination-driven three-dimensional perceptions cannot always be communicated and recognition errors cannot be avoided.
#Cross eyed stereogram serial#
Therefore, the three-dimensionality of each heart in real time is restored by reconstructing the solid object mentally from multiple serial sectional images or by trying to “project back” a single projection image from the panel toward the tube. These two-dimensional images involve either sectional images, such as transthoracic echocardiography images, or projection images, such as chest radiography and coronary angiography images. Conventionally, however, two-dimensional evaluation of the cardiac anatomy has been the mainstream in the clinical practice of cardiology, including chest radiography, transthoracic echocardiography, and coronary angiography. In this review, we demonstrate multiple stereoscopic images reconstructed from cardiac computed tomographic datasets and discuss their clinical and educational implications.Ī three-dimensional understanding of the heart is essential for cardiovascular diagnostics and therapeutics because the heart is a three-dimensionally complicated organ. Furthermore, it can be used for anatomical education. This conventional technique, when applied to high-resolution volume-rendered images, may help in obtaining appropriate diagnostics, choosing optimal therapeutics, securing procedural success, and preventing complications. Using anaglyphs or cross/uncross-fusion of paired images, striking depth perception can be readily obtained without the need for expensive equipment. Therefore, this is an optimal time for cardiologists and cardiac surgeons to revisit the classic technology, stereopsis, and obtain bonus information from carefully reconstructed clinical images.
Currently, images reconstructed from clinical datasets can visualize fine details of the cardiovascular anatomy. However, even if high-resolution volume-rendered images are reconstructed, they cannot provide appropriate depth perception when displayed and shared on a two-dimensional display, which is widely used in clinical settings. Rapid advancements in three-dimensional cardiovascular imaging technologies in the 21st century have supported such innovations through the periprocedural assessment of the clinical anatomy of the living heart. Innovations in invasive cardiovascular diagnostics and therapeutics, not only limited to transcatheter approaches but also involving surgical approaches, are based on a precise appreciation of the three-dimensional living heart anatomy.
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